Ipomoea aquatica (Lizwon-dlo) : medicinal properties in alcoholic extraction

JAMES O et al, INVITRO AND INVIVO STUDIES ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITIES, MEMBRANE STABILIZATION & CYTOTOXICITY OF WATER SPINACH (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) FROM IBAJI PONDS, NIGERIA. Inter J of PharmTech Res, 2009; 1(3): 74-82-Abstract: In this study, possible antioxidant activities membrane stabilizing potential & cytotoxicity of ethanol extract from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica. Forsk) leaf & stem were examined. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, nitric oxide radical, invivo antioxidant enzyme activity assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract…

Chen B.H et al, Determination of carotenoids & chlorophylls in water convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica) by liquid chromatography. Food Chem, 45: 1992;129-34.

Dong – Jiann H et al, Antioxidant & antiproliferative activities of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk). Constituents. Bot.Bull.Acad.Sci.2005,46:99–106.

Kaiser H et al, Evaluation of the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica for its hypoglycemic & antioxidant activity, J of Pharmaceut Sci & Res Check, 2011-Abstract: The present study was accomplished to explore the hypoglycemic & antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of the leaves of I. aquatica. The animals used to test the antidiabetic activity were Swiss albino mice of 7-8 weeks, average weight 20-30 gm of both male and female sexes. Twenty-four mice were randomly grouped into four where there were two drug groups, one control & one standard control group. Metformin was used as standard in th…

MALALAVIDHANE TS et al, Oral hypoglycaemic activity of Ipomoea aquatica in streptozotocin-induced, diabetic Wistar rats &Type II diabetics Phytother Res, 17 (9):1098-1100, 2003-Abstract: Ipomoea aquatica Forsk is a common green leafy vegetable consumed in many parts of the world. The present study was designed to investigate the oral hypoglycaemic activity of IA in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats, & Type II diabetic patients. Experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in Wistar rats. The rats were then divided into test & control groups. In addition to the standard fe…

Vuong TA et al, Faecal & protozoan parasite contamination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated in urban wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Med Int Health, 2007; 12(Suppl2): 73-81-Abstract: To identify the level of contamination with thermotolerant coliforms (ThC), intestinal helminth eggs & protozoan parasites in Ipomoea aquatica cultivated in a wastewater-fed lake in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Methods: The investigation was carried out from July 2004 to May 2005 in Boeng Cheung Ek lake, a main recipient of wastewater from the city of Phnom Penh. IA samples were collected near two was…

Snyder GH et al, Trials of Ipomoea aquatica, nutritious vegetable with high protein-& nitrate-extraction potential. Proceed of the Florida State Horticult Soc, 94: 1981; 230- 5.

Raksamat W et al, Antifungal Activity of Red-stemmed Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Extracts against Dermatophytes & Malassezia sp, Resaerch-gate, 2018-Abstract: To evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of the extracts of fresh and dry apical buds & flowers of red-stemmed Ipomoea aquatic Forsk. on the inhibition of three dermatophytes (Tricophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum & Microsporum gypseum) & two Malassezia species (M. furfur & M. globosa). Method: The disc diffusion was performed to determine the antifungal activity of the extracts, & the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was…

Dewanjee S et al, Water Spinach, Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), Ameliorates Lead Toxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress & Apoptosis, PLoS One. 2015; 10(10): e0139831. / Doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0139831 / PMID: 26473485

Sharmin R et al, Study on the effect of ethanol extract of Ipomoea aquatica (Kalmi Shak) leaves on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic, J Dent Sci, 1:9-14, 2016-Abstrac: Ipomoea aquatica (IA) was reported to have antioxidant & free redical scavenging activities. Objective: The present study was performed to find out the nephroprotective effect of Water spinach IA ethanol extract leaves On Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats Materials & methods: The experiment was carried out in the department of Pharmacology of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2013 to December 2013. For the purpose of …

Muthukumran P et al, Anti-Ulcer Effects of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Leaves against Gastric Ulcers in Rats Res J of Pharmacogn & Phytochem, 2010; 2(6)-Abstract: The anti ulcer effects of aqueous, chloroform & ethanol extracts prepared from the Ipomoea aquatica forsk leaves was evaluated in rats employing the pylorus ligation, stress induced & aspirin induced models. The parameters taken to assess anti ulcer activity were volume of gastric juice, free acidity, total acidity & ulcer index. The results indicated that chloroform extract significantly (p<0.001) decreased the volume of gastric acid …

Sivaraman D et al, CNS Depressant & Antiepileptic Activities of the Methanol Extract of the Leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk  E-Journal of Chem, 2010; 7(4):1555-61-

Malalavidhane TS et al, Oral hypoglycaemic activity of Ipomoea aquatica in streptozotocin-induced, diabetic Wistar rats & Type II diabetics, Phytother Res, 17(9):1098-100. 2003-Abstract: Ipomoea aquatica Forsk is a common green leafy vegetable consumed in many parts of the world. The present study was designed to investigate the oral hypoglycaemic activity of IA in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats, & Type II diabetic patients. Experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in Wistar rats. The rats were then divided into test & control groups. In addition to the standard fe…

Mitsuwan W et al, Curcuma longa ethanol extract & Curcumin inhibit the growth of Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites & cysts isolated from water reservoirs at Walailak University, Thailand, Pat Glob Health, 114(4):194-204, 2020-Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Thai medicinal plant extracts including C. longa extract & Curcumin on Acanthamoeba triangularis, a causative agent of human Acanthamoeba keratitis. The parasite was isolated from the recreational reservoir at Walailak University, Thailand. The organism was identified as A. triangularis using morpholo…

Oon YN et al, Bioactivity of medicinal plant extracts against human fungal pathogens & evaluation of toxicity using Vero cells, Trop Biomed, 38(3):469-75, 2021-Abstract: This study aims to investigate the aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae) & Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), & the leaves of Catunaregam spinosa (Rubiaceae) & Tradescantia Spathacea (Commelinaceae) for antifungal activity & cytotoxicity. The plant materials were extracted sequentially using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, & distilled water. The antifungal activity was evaluated agains…

Malalavidhane S et al, An aqueous extract of the green leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica is as effective as the oral hypoglycaemic drug tolbutamide in reducing the blood sugar levels of Wistar rats. Phytother Res 15: 635-65-2OO1-

Bruemmer JH et al, Protein extraction from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 92:1979, 140-3.

Pale E et al, Acylated anthocyanins from the flowers of Ipomoea asarifolia. Phythochem, 48: 1433-7, 1998-

Malavidhane TS et al, Oral hypoglycaemic activity of Ipomoea aquatica, J of Ethnopharmacol, 72(1-2):293--8, 2000-Abstract: Ipomoea aquatica is a commonly consumed green leafy vegetable in Sri Lanka which is supposed to possess an insulin-like activity [Jayaweera, D.M.A., 1982. Medicinal Plants (Indigenous & Exotic) Used in Ceylon. Part 11. National Science Council, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 99]. Only a little attention has been paid to the therapeutic use of this plant. We studied the oral hypoglycaemic activity of single & multiple doses of IA in healthy, male Wistar rats after a glucose cha…

Datta S et al, In Vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk. In Indian Adult Earthworm, J of Med Sci & Clin Res, 09(07):146-50, 2021Abstract: Helminthiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic infestations globally accounting for major threat to public health. Conventionally only few anthelmintic drugs are available for the control of these nematodes. However, emerging resistance & toxicities to these currently available drugs is a major concern & discovery of newer anthelmintics with a novel mode of action is the need of the hour. Aims & Obj…

Abu Bakar Sajak A et al, Effect of Ipomoea aquatica ethanolic extract in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats via1H NMR-based metabolomics approach, Phytomed, 36:201-9, 2017-Abstract: Ipomoea aquatica (locally known as "kangkung") has previously been reported to have hypoglycemic activities on glucose level in diabetes patients. However, the effect of IA ethanolic extract on the metabolites in the body has remained unknown. Purpose: This study provides new insights on the changes of endogenous metabolites caused by IA ethanolic extract & improves the understanding on the therapeutic e…

Anbu Jothi B et al, GC-MS & FT-IR analysis of bioactive compounds on methanol extract of Ipomoea aquatica Inter J of Fisheries & Aquatic Res, 2017; 2(3): 12-6,

Dua TK et al, Ameliorative effect of water spinach, Ipomea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), against experimentally induced arsenic toxicity J of Translational Med, 2015; 13:81-Abstract:

FAN BY et al. Further screening of the resin glycosides in the edible water spinach & characterisation on their mechanism of anticancer potential. J Funct Food. 2015;19:141–54-Abstract : Water spinach (I. aquatica) is one of the common green leafy vegetables used in Asia. In a continuing chemical investigation on the cytotoxic resin glycosides from IA, eight new resin glycosides, Aquaterins XII–XIX (1–8), were isolated, among which 1, 2 & 4 exhibited potent cytotoxic activities. To further characterise the anticancer potential of the resin glycosides from IA, Aquaterin II obtained previousl…

Mohd JK et al, Anxiolytic activity of Ipomoea aquatica leaves. Eur. J. Exp. Biol., 1: 63-70. 2011-Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the anxiolytic activity of Ipomoea aquatica leaves. The shade dried leaves were extracted successively with petroleum ether & methanol: acetone (MAE-IA). The total flavonoids contents were determined as 200 mg/kg of dried plant material. The anxiolytic activity of MAE-IA was evaluated using elevated plus maze, light: dark apparatus, hole board apparatus. Its ability to influence ketamine-induced sleep was also assessed in mice. The MAE-…

Dewanjee S et al, Edible leaf extract of Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (Convolvulaceae) attenuates doxorubicin-induced liver injury via inhibiting oxidative impairment, MAPK activation & intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, Food & chem Toxicol, 105:322-36, 2017-Abstract: Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (Convolvulaceae) is an aquatic vegetable traditionally employed against toxic effects of xenobiotics. The present study has been designed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial role of the edible (aqueous) leaf extract of IA (AEIA) against doxorubicin (Dox)-induced liver injury. AEIA…

Abu Bakar Sajak et al, Effect of Different Drying Treatments & Solvent Ratios on Phytochemical Constituents of Ipomoea aquatica & Correlation with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Inter J of Food Properties, 2016; 19(12)-Abstract: ipomoea aquatica is an aquatic plant that is widely consumed in Southeast Asia as a vegetable. In this study, the influence of various ethanol ratios (0, 20, 50, 80, & 100%) as an extraction solvent & different drying method including air drying, sun drying, & oven drying on phytochemical constituents of IA was investigated using a proton nuclear magnetic resonan…

Chaudhury IH et al, Preliminary phytochemical screening & antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of stems of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. (Family Convolvulaceae). Int J of Current Pharmaceut Res, 9(4):109, 2017-Abstract: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity ethanolic extracts of stems of the plant Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. (Family-Convolvulaceae) along with preliminary phytochemical analysis. Methods: The ethanolic extract of stems of the plant IA were prepared & analyzed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was examined aga…

Srikanth I et al, EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF IPOMEA AQUATICA, Inter Res J of Pharm, 2018; 9(5)-DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.09566

Doka I et al, Nutritional Composition & Antioxidant Properties of Ipomoea Aquatica (Forsk) Leaves J OF FOREST PROD & IND, 2014, 3(4), 204-10-

Jiang F et al, Improved chromosome-level genome & annotation data for a leafy vegetable water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), Sci Horticulturae, 320:112193, 2023--Abstract: Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) is an important green leafy vegetable in Asia, with high content of dietary fiber, minerals, & vitamins. The genome sequence of water spinach cv. HNUWS001 was published in 2021 with PacBio & Illumina sequences. However, this assembly showed low contig continuity & low BUSCO complete rate for the genes. Here, we reported a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for water spinac…

Abishek Rane et al, IN-VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF IPOMOEA JACQ. SPECIES AGAINST A 549AND HEP-G2CELL LINES, Resaerch-Gate, 2015-Abstract:Members of the genus Ipomoea of family Convolvulaceae besides being some of the most beautiful ornamental plants cultivated for their bell shaped flowers, are also of medicinal value, with some of them reported as cytotoxic agents against some cancer cell lines. The present study evaluates the anticancer activity of the leaf extracts of ten Ipomoea Jacq. Species growing in & around Mumbai, India, on the A 549 cell line & Hep-G2 cell line e…

Pale E et al, Two triacylated & tetraglucosylated anthocyanins from Ipomoea asarifolia flowers. Phytochem, 64: 1395-9.2003-

Bokolo B et al, Ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk abrogates cisplatin-induced kidney damage in albino rats, J of Neprhopharmacol, 2019-Abstract:The efficacy of cisplatin (CPT) is dose dependent, but the risk of nephrotoxicity hinders the use of higher doses to maximize its antineoplastic effect. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (IA) is a medicinal plant used in folklore for the treatment of many ailments. Objectives: This study assessed the protective effect of the ethanolic leaf extract of I. aquatica (EEIA) against a rat model of CPT-induced kidney damage. Materials & Methods: Fifty-…

Alisaje TM et al, the effect of 100% leaf extract of ipomoea aquatica Forsk (kangkong) on the hematocrit levels of adult male mus musculus (albino mice), Thesis/ Dissertation, Medicine, 2005-Abstract: This study determined the effect of 100% Ipomea aquatica leaf extract on the hematocrit levels of male albino mice. Design: This study utilized the experimental design to determine the effect of 100% leaf extract of IA on hematocrit levels of male albino mice over a specified time interval. Setting: Residence of a group member at 89 Don Jose Avila, Esperanza Apart Elle, Cebu City. Subjects: Th…

Othmann ASN et al, antifeedant activity of Peltophorum pterocarpum & Ipomea aquetica  as botanical pesticides against Pomacea caniculata, Int Conf On Green Technol & Sustain Devt, 2014-Abstract:Pomacea canaliculata is dangerous pest to paddy field due to fast action on eating stem & young leaves of paddy. Synthetic pesticides are common method used by farmers to control PC infestation. However, the usage of synthetic pesticides gave negative impact to natural environment, aquatic & non-target organisms. Thus, botanical pesticides are alternative methods to control P. canaliculata . The aims…

El-Sawi N et al, Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ipomoea Aquatica Fractions in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic in Male Rat Model Sci. 2017; 2(1): 9-17-Abstract:

Khayungarnnawee A et al, Cardiovascular Effects of the Ethanolic Extract of Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk. in Rat  Thai J of Pharmaceut Sci, 2018; 42-Abstract: In this study, Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk. was extracted by 95% ethanol with percolation. The hypotensive effect of the Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk. ethanolic crude extract (IAE) in anesthetized rats was investigated using pressure transducer. The vasodilation effect of IAE was also investigated using isolated rat aorta. The data showed that IAE had no effect on blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats after injected the extract solution. …

Mariani R et al, Antioxidant activity of Indonesian water spinach and land spinach (Ipomoea aquatica): A comparative study J of Physics: Conf Series, 1402, 5,

Malakar C et al, Pharmacological potentiality & medicinal uses of Ipomoea aquatic Forsk: A Review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res., 8: 60-63. 2015-

Singh M et al, Antibacterial activity of water spinach herbs against acne-inducing bacteria Inter J of Res in Pharmaceutical Sci, 2019-Abstract:

Dua T et al, The effects of two common edible herbs, Ipomoea aquatica & Enhydra fluctuans, on cadmium-induced pathophysiology: a focus on oxidative defense & anti-apoptotic mechanism J of Translational Med, 201513:245-

Bhakta M et al, Antimicrobial efficacies of methanol extract of Asteracantha longifolia, Ipomoea aquatica & Enhydra fluctuans against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus & Micrococcus luteus The Internet J of Alter Med, ISSN: 1540-2584.

Chandra J.H et al, Antibacterial, antioxidant & in silico study of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. J. Pure Applied Microbiol., 9: 1371-6. 2015-

Akiyumi SS et al, Ipomoea aquatica Extract Shows Protective Action Against Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Mol, 17(5):6146-55, 2012-Abstract: In the Indian system of traditional medicine (Ayurveda) it is recommended to consume Ipomoea aquatica to mitigate disorders like jaundice. In this study, the protective effects of ethanol extract of IA against liver damage were evaluated in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. There was no sign of toxicity in the acute toxicity study, in which Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally fed with IA (250 a& 500 mg/kg) for two mont…

Umar KJ et al, Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activities of the Leaves & Stem of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Water Spinach) Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci..2015; 23(1): 81-4-Abstract:

Sivaraman D et al, Antiulcerogenic evaluation of the ethanolic extract of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) in aspirin ulcerated rats. J. Pharm. Res., 1: 143-7. 2008-Abstract: Aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-ulcer efficacy of the Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (IAF), is known topossess various therapeutic properties. The reason for the study is that, the known non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs) are full of side effects especially ulceration which is at the top. Gastric ulceration is a cause ofeconomic loss a a source of welfare concern worldwide. There are 350,000 to 500,00…

Prasad KN et al, In vitro cytotoxic properties of Ipomoea aquatica leaf. Indian J Pharmacol 37: 397- 398. 2005b-

Mamun MM et al, Evaluation of diuretic activity of Ipomoea aquatica (Kalmisak) in mice model study. J Med Sci 3: 395-400. 2003-

Manvar M.N et al, Antibacterial activity of leaves & flowers of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. (Convolvulaceae). Asian J. Pharm. Res., 8: 94-8. 2018-Abstract: Extracts of leaves & flowers of Ipomoea aquatica were investigated for their antibacterial activity using agar cup method on the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of leaves of IA showed the presence of flavonoids while that of the flowers showed presence of flavonoids & anthocyanins. The methanol extracts of both leaves & flowers were showed the antibacterial activity t…

Sivaraman D et al, Nootropic effect of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk in rat hippocampus. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2: 475-9.2010-Abstract: The aim of the study is to evaluate the acetylcholine enhancing activity of methanol leaf extract of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (MEIA), is known to possess various therapeutic properties. We found that treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg of MEIA, for 30 days in neonatal & young adult age groups of rats, significantly increased acetylcholine (ACh) content in their hippocampus as compared to age matched controls. Increase in ACh content in their hippocampus may be the …

Khatun CS et al. Antibacterial, Antidiabetic & Lipid Lowering Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Ipomoea aquatica. Bangladesh J of Microbiol. 2016;29(2):50-4-Abstract : Present study was designed to investigate antibacterial, antidiabetic & lipid lowering effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea aquatica (IA). The antibacterial effect of IA leaf extract was performed using agar-cup-diffusion assay against six pathogenic bacterial strains such as Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus & Bacillus cereus Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella typhi. This extract has potent antiba…

Sivaraman D et al, In-vitro Screening for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition potential and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk: therapeutic lead for Alzheimer’s disease J of Applied Pharmaceut Sci, 2015; 5(2)-Abstract:

Khan R et al, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ipomoea aquatica leaf extract & its cytotoxicity & antibacterial activity assay, Green Chem Letters & Rev, 13:4, 2020-Abstract: this study represents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ipomoea aquatica (Water Spinach) leaf extract, & investigate the cytotoxicity & antimicrobial activities. The Ipomoea aquatica (IA) mediated green synthesized AgNPs (IA-AgNPs) was characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS.) spectrophotometry, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry (AA…

Sivaraman ID et al, NOOTROPIC EFFECT OF IPOMOEA AQUATICA FORSK IN RAT HIPPOCAMPUS Inter J of PharmTech Res,.2 (1):475-479, 2010-

Prasad, KN et al, Ipomea aquatica: an underutilized leafy vegetable: A review, Inter J of Botany 4(1): 123-9, 2008-

Parimala KDS. Phytochemical studies on the flowers of Ipomoea aquatica. Inter. 2013; 2:53-5-Abstract: Fresh flowers (500g) of Ipomoea aquatica collected from the banks of Cauvery in Kumbakonam during December were ex- tracted with 85% ethanol (4x500ml) under reflux. The alcoholic extract was concentrated in vacuo & the aqueous concentrated successively fractionated with benzene (b.p-60-80°C) (3x250ml), peroxide – free Et2O (3x250ml) & EtOAc (4x250ml). On this basis the identity of the pigments obtained from Et2O & Et2OAc soluble can be confirmed as kaempferol & its 3-glucoside respectively.

Staphyllococcus aureus, Escherichia coli: Cirofloxacine-like,

Sokeng SD et al, Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation, Fitoterapia, 78 (7-8) :526-9, 2007-doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.06.011-

Sivaraman D et al, Preclinical Toxicological Profile of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk an Indian Medicinal Plant  Pharmacol, 2013; 4(2):107-16-Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an hydroalcoholic extract of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (HAEIA) leaves by determining its potential toxicity after acute & sub-acute administration in rodent. Materials & Methods: For the acute study HAEIA was administered in single doses of 500, 1000 & 2000 mg kg-1 (p.o). General behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. …

Subatiraa RR et al, Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf and stem eof Ipomoea aquatica against skin infection, Int J of Med Toxicol & Legal Med, 25:4, 2022-Abstract: To determine the antioxidant & antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf & stem extracts of I. aquatica against the skin infection. Methods :The extracts were obtained by soxhlet extraction method. Primary & secondary metabolites were determined in the phytochemical test. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu method & aluminium chloride …