Citrus x (Grapefruit) : medicinal properties in alcoholic extraction

Citrus x (Grapefruit, forbidden fruit, Pamplemousse, fruit défendu) — family Rutacées.

Scientific synonyms : Citrus grandis var racemosa-(B)-.

This database documents alcoholic (ethanol) extractions of active substances. Our monograph currently lists 3 indications in alcoholic extraction for this species. The Lapo v2 catalogue records 29 scientific references for this species (full detail in the application).

Important — scientific references on this public page: only a short excerpt of each cited source is shown (selected abstract sentences), kept in the original language of the publication (most often English), without translation. These excerpts are not the full article text and are not a complete bibliography. The full reference records and complete monographic detail are available in the Lapo v2 application (free 30-day trial).

1. 1

   Cancer: adjuvant treatment for breast cancer

   Plant part used: Fruit.

   Scientific references (short excerpts)

   Short excerpts only (not the full article). Full reference records are in the Lapo v2 application.

   • According to Cirmi S (2017)

     Excerpt Search terms included Citrus, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, Citrus Medica fruits, Citrus fruits extract, cancer, neoplasm, neoplasia, tumor, metastasis, carcinogenesis, proliferation. During the last decades, a huge body of evidence has been accumulated suggesting that Citrus fruits & their juices might have a role in preventing many diseases including cancer.

   • According to El-Kersh DM (2021)

     Excerpt Overall, this study suggests an antitumor potential for naringenin, naringin & quercetin isolated from citrus peels in breast cancer via possible modulation of estrogen signaling & aromatase inhibition suggesting their use in pre- & post-menopausal breast cancer patients, respectively. This study aimed at investigating the antitumor potential of the most potent compounds in citrus peels on breast cancer by exploring their anti-estrogenic & anti-aromatase activities.

   • According to Li C (2022)

     Excerpt Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) & nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four EO on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity.

   • According to Ahmed OM (2022)

     Excerpt This study was designed to assess the preventive effect of Citrus limon & Citrus paradisi fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts on the progress of complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in male Wistar rats.

2. 2

   Osteoarthritis, arthritis, rheumatism, oedema

   Plant part used: Fruit.

   Scientific references (short excerpts)

   Short excerpts only (not the full article). Full reference records are in the Lapo v2 application.

   • According to Chaudhari S (2016)

     Excerpt The phytochemical constituents & isolated bioactive compounds of Citrus can be investigated further to develop novel herbal drugs by using reverse pharmacological approaches especially in the treatment of liver diseases, arthritis, malignancies, & other inflammatory diseases. The plant was found to possess significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, & hypolipidemic properties.

   • According to Li C (2022)

     Excerpt Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) & nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four EO on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity.

   • According to Tsujiyama I (2013)

     Excerpt Effects of the extracts on the release of histamine from rat peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) was measured to know anti-allergic activity. In this study, aqueous extracts of peels of best-known citrus fruits namely grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (C.

   • According to Ahmed OM (2022)

     Excerpt In association, the deleterious histological alterations represented by articular joint inflammatory cells infiltration, fibroblasts proliferation, edema, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation & cartilage necrosis as well as spleen haemorrhage & lymphocytic necrosis & thymus lymphoblasts proliferation were noticeably alleviated by oral supplementation of arthritic rats with CL & CP fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts for 9 & 18 days. The increased mRNA expression of right ankle joint pro-inflammatory & inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) & interleukin-6(IL-6) & the decreased mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4) were significantly improved in arthritic rats by oral administration of CL & CO fruit peel hydroethanolic extracts.

   • According to Cirmi S (2017)

     Excerpt Prior to the beginning of the review, Authors defined a checklist for inclusion criteria, thus including articles which meet the following: (i) published on peer-reviewed scientific journals; (ii) Citrus juice used alone; (iii) extracts derived from Citrus juice; (iii) for preclinical studies, an exposure time to Citrus juices & their extracts more than 24 h. Search terms included Citrus, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, Citrus Medica fruits, Citrus fruits extract, cancer, neoplasm, neoplasia, tumor, metastasis, carcinogenesis, proliferation.

3. 3

   Staphylococcus auricularis: synergistic interaction with the peel

   Plant part used: Fruit.

   Scientific references (short excerpts)

   Short excerpts only (not the full article). Full reference records are in the Lapo v2 application.

   • According to Adham AN (2015)

     Excerpt From isolated bacterial strain Staphylococcus auricularis showed highest sensitivity against Citrus limon juice with inhibition zone (22mm), in combination with peel (35mm) & Citrus sinensis in combination form showed inhibition zone (19mm). All used citrus fruits showed antimicrobial activity either alone or in combination of peel & juice extracts against isolated bacterial strain.

   • According to Barreca D (2013)

     Excerpt We also checked the antimicrobial activity of a broad fraction containing all the detected flavonoids obtained by preparative HPLC, in terms of MICs for Staphylococcus aureus. A separation/identification protocol based on RP-LC-DAD–ESI-MS–MS has been employed for the characterisation of the flavonoid fraction of the juice from tangelos (Citrus reticulata× Citrus paradisi) grown in Southern Italy.

   • According to Bhandari DP (2021)

     Excerpt Likewise, citrus peel EO showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains, albeit marginal. GC-MS analysis showed limonene (63.76-89.15%), γ-terpinene (0.24-6.43%), β-pinene (0.15-6.09%), linalool (0.35-3.5%), sabinene (0.77-2.17%), myrcene (0.74-1.75%), α-terpineol (0.28-1.15%), & α-pinene (0.2-0.58%) as the major constituents of the EO of the Citrus species studied.

   • According to Chaudhari S (2016)

     Excerpt The plant was found to possess significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, & hypolipidemic properties. The phytochemical constituents & isolated bioactive compounds of Citrus can be investigated further to develop novel herbal drugs by using reverse pharmacological approaches especially in the treatment of liver diseases, arthritis, malignancies, & other inflammatory diseases.

   • According to Denkova-Kostova R (2020)

     Excerpt All EOs had antimicrobial activity against saprophytic (Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) & pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella abony, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans), with the highest inhibitory activity being observed in cinnamon oil, followed by grapefruit zest oil, tangerine zest oil & lemon zest oil; the MIC ranging from 6 to 60 ppm. The demonstrated promising results for the antioxidant & antimicrobial activity of the studied EOs would give reason for their inclusion in the development of bio-preservation strategies for food emulsion preservation.

Further indications (including other extraction modes where applicable), dosages, precautions for use, and the <strong>full scientific references</strong> (complete records, not only the short excerpts above) are available in the complete monographic record in the Lapo v2 application.